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ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	Testing AI-Based Systems Overview: In this section, focus is given to how system specifications for AI-based systems can create challenges in testing and explain automation bias and how this affects testing.
Topic 2	ML: Data: This section of the exam covers explaining the activities and challenges related to data preparation. It also covers how to test datasets create an ML model and recognize how poor data quality can cause problems with the resultant ML model.
Topic 3	systems from those required for conventional systems.
Topic 4	Introduction to AI: This exam section covers topics such as the AI effect and how it influences the definition of AI. It covers how to distinguish between narrow AI, general AI, and super AI; moreover, the topics covered include describing how standards apply to AI-based systems.
Topic 5	Test Environments for AI-Based Systems: This section is about factors that differentiate the test environments for AI-based
Topic 6	Quality Characteristics for AI-Based Systems: This section covers topics covered how to explain the importance of flexibility and adaptability as characteristics of AI-based systems and describes the vitality of managing evolution for AI-based systems. It also covers how to recall the characteristics that make it difficult to use AI-based systems in safety-related applications.
Topic 7	Testing AI-Specific Quality Characteristics: In this section, the topics covered are about the challenges in testing created by the self-learning of AI-based systems.
Topic 8	Neural Networks and Testing: This section of the exam covers defining the structure and function of a neural network including a DNN and the different coverage measures for neural networks.
Topic 9	Methods and Techniques for the Testing of AI-Based Systems: In this section, the focus is on explaining how the testing of ML systems can help prevent adversarial attacks and data poisoning.

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ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q28-Q33):

NEW QUESTION # 28
A transportation company operates three types of delivery vehicles in its fleet. The vehicles operate at different speeds (slow, medium, and fast). The transportation company is attempting to optimize scheduling and has created an AI-based program to plan routes for its vehicles using records from the medium-speed vehicle traveling to selected destinations. The test team uses this data in metamorphic testing to test the accuracy of the estimated travel times created by the AI route planner with the actual routes and times.
Which of the following describes the next phase of metamorphic testing?

A. The team decomposes each route into the relevant components that affect the travel time such as traffic density and vehicle power. The team then uses statistical analysis to characterize the influence of each component to calculate the fast and slow vehicle route times.
B. The team uses an AI system to select the most dissimilar routes. With this information, any of the AI routes can be metaphorically transformed into a fast or slow route.
C. The team tests the time required for the fast and slow vehicles to travel the same route as the medium vehicle. Then, by calculating the speed difference, they then predict how much faster or slower the vehicles will travel. That information is then used to verify that the arrival time of the vehicles meets the expected result.
D. The team uses the same AI route planner to create routes that are longer and shorter but follow the same track. Finally, by driving the fast vehicles on the long routes and slow vehicles on the short routes and vice versa, the AI system will have enough information to infer travel times for all vehicles on all routes.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Metamorphic Testing (MT)is a testing technique that verifies AI-based systems by generatingfollow-up test casesbased on existing test cases. These follow-up test cases adhere to aMetamorphic Relation (MR), ensuring that if the system is functioning correctly, changes in input should result in predictable changes in output.
* Metamorphic testing works by transforming source test cases into follow-up test cases
* Here, thesource test caseinvolves testing themedium-speed vehicle'stravel time.
* Thefollow-up test casesare derived byextrapolating travel times for fast and slow vehiclesusing predictable relationships based on speed differences.
* MR states that modifying input should result in a predictable change in output
* Since the speed of the vehicle is a known factor, it is possible to predict the new arrival times and verify whether they follow expected trends.
* This is a direct application of metamorphic testing principles
* Inroute optimization systems, metamorphic testing often applies transformations tospeed, distance, or conditionsto verify expected outcomes.
* (B) Decomposing each route into traffic density and vehicle power#
* While useful for statistical analysis, this approach does not generate follow-up test cases based on a definedmetamorphic relation (MR).
* (C) Selecting dissimilar routes and transforming them into a fast or slow route#
* Thisdoes not follow metamorphic testing principles, which require predictable transformations.
* (D) Running fast vehicles on long routes and slow vehicles on short routes#
* This methoddoes not maintain a controlled MRand introduces too manyuncontrolled variables.
* Metamorphic testing generates follow-up test cases based on a source test case."MT is a technique aimed at generating test cases which are based on a source test case that has passed.One or more follow- up test cases are generated by changing (metamorphizing) the source test case based on a metamorphic relation (MR)."
* MT has been used for testing route optimization AI systems."In the area of AI, MT has been used for testing image recognition, search engines, route optimization and voice recognition, among others." Why Option A is Correct?Why Other Options are Incorrect?References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study GuideThus,option A is the correct answer, as it aligns with the principles ofmetamorphic testing by modifying input speeds and verifying expected results.

NEW QUESTION # 29
"AllerEgo" is a product that uses sell-learning to predict the behavior of a pilot under combat situation for a variety of terrains and enemy aircraft formations. Post training the model was exposed to the real- world data and the model was found to be behaving poorly. A lot of data quality tests had been performed on the data to bring it into a shape fit for training and testing.
Which ONE of the following options is least likely to describes the possible reason for the fall in the performance, especially when considering the self-learning nature of the Al system?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. The difficulty of defining criteria for improvement before the model can be accepted.
B. The unknown nature and insufficient specification of the operating environment might have caused the poor performance.
C. There was an algorithmic bias in the Al system.
D. The fast pace of change did not allow sufficient time for testing.

Answer: A

Explanation:
* A. The difficulty of defining criteria for improvement before the model can be accepted.
* Defining criteria for improvement is a challenge in the acceptance of AI models, but it is not directly related to the performance drop in real-world scenarios. It relates more to the evaluation and deployment phase rather than affecting the model's real-time performance post-deployment.
* B. The fast pace of change did not allow sufficient time for testing.
* This can significantly affect the model's performance. If the system is self-learning, it needs to adapt quickly, and insufficient testing time can lead to incomplete learning and poor performance.
* C. The unknown nature and insufficient specification of the operating environment might have caused the poor performance.
* This is highly likely to affect performance. Self-learning AI systems require detailed specifications of the operating environment to adapt and learn effectively. If the environment is insufficiently specified, the model may fail to perform accurately in real-world scenarios.
* D. There was an algorithmic bias in the AI system.
* Algorithmic bias can significantly impact the performance of AI systems. If the model has biases, it will not perform well across different scenarios and data distributions.
Given the context of the self-learning nature and the need for real-time adaptability, optionAis least likely to describe the fall in performance because it deals with acceptance criteria rather than real-time performance issues.

NEW QUESTION # 30
You are using a neural network to train a robot vacuum to navigate without bumping into objects. You set up a reward scheme that encourages speed but discourages hitting the bumper sensors. Instead of what you expected, the vacuum has now learned to drive backwards because there are no bumpers on the back.
This is an example of what type of behavior?

A. Error-shortcircuiting
B. Interpretability
C. Reward-hacking
D. Transparency

Answer: C

Explanation:
Reward hacking occurs when an AI-based system optimizes for a reward function in a way that is unintended by its designers, leading to behavior that technically maximizes the defined reward but does not align with the intended objectives.
In this case, the robot vacuum was given a reward scheme that encouraged speed while discouraging collisions detected by bumper sensors. However, since the bumper sensors were only on the front, the AI found a loophole-driving backward-thereby avoiding triggering the bumper sensors while still maximizing its reward function.
This is a classic example of reward hacking, where an AI "games" the system to achieve high rewards in an unintended way. Other examples include:
* An AI playing a video game that modifies the score directly instead of completing objectives.
* A self-learning system exploiting minor inconsistencies in training data rather than genuinely improving performance.
* Section 2.6 - Side Effects and Reward Hackingexplains that AI systems may produce unexpected, and sometimes harmful, results when optimizing for a given goal in ways not intended by designers.
* Definition of Reward Hacking in AI: "The activity performed by an intelligent agent to maximize its reward function to the detriment of meeting the original objective" Reference from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:

NEW QUESTION # 31
Data used for an object detection ML system was found to have been labelled incorrectly in many cases.
Which ONE of the following options is most likely the reason for this problem?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Bias issues
B. Security issues
C. Accuracy issues
D. Privacy issues

Answer: C

Explanation:
The question refers to a problem where data used for an object detection ML system was labelled incorrectly.
This issue is most closely related to "accuracy issues." Here's a detailed explanation:
* Accuracy Issues: The primary goal of labeling data in machine learning is to ensure that the model can accurately learn and make predictions based on the given labels. Incorrectly labeled data directly impacts the model's accuracy, leading to poor performance because the model learns incorrect patterns.
* Why Not Other Options:
* Security Issues: This pertains to data breaches or unauthorized access, which is not relevant to the problem of incorrect data labeling.
* Privacy Issues: This concerns the protection of personal data and is not related to the accuracy of data labeling.
* Bias Issues: While bias in data can affect model performance, it specifically refers to systematic errors or prejudices in the data rather than outright incorrect labeling.
References:This explanation is consistent with the concepts covered in the ISTQB CT-AI syllabus under dataset quality issues and their impact on machine learning models.

NEW QUESTION # 32
Max. Score: 2
Al-enabled medical devices are used nowadays for automating certain parts of the medical diagnostic processes. Since these are life-critical process the relevant authorities are considenng bringing about suitable certifications for these Al enabled medical devices. This certification may involve several facets of Al testing (I - V).
I.Autonomy
II.Maintainability
III.Safety
IV.Transparency
V.Side Effects
Which ONE of the following options contains the three MOST required aspects to be satisfied for the above scenario of certification of Al enabled medical devices?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Aspects II, III and IV
B. Aspects III, IV, and V
C. Aspects I, II, and III
D. Aspects I, IV, and V

Answer: B

Explanation:
For AI-enabled medical devices, the most required aspects for certification are safety, transparency, and side effects. Here's why:
* Safety (Aspect III): Critical for ensuring that the AI system does not cause harm to patients.
* Transparency (Aspect IV): Important for understanding and verifying the decisions made by the AI system.
* Side Effects (Aspect V): Necessary to identify and mitigate any unintended consequences of the AI system.
Why Not Other Options:
* Autonomy and Maintainability (Aspects I and II): While important, they are secondary to the immediate concerns of safety, transparency, and managing side effects in life-critical processes.
References:This explanation is aligned with the critical quality characteristics for AI-based systems as mentioned in the ISTQB CT-AI syllabus, focusing on the certification of medical devices.

NEW QUESTION # 33
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